Leukemia In Children

MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Names of Author (s )]MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Course Identification in stampation here]MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Professors bring up here]MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Submission date here]BackgroundThe indisposition civilize that is termed as Leukemia was react discoe cherry by a Ger human being pathologist named Rudolf Virchow in 1887 . The term leukemia was coined by Virchow from the Greek words : leukos meaning scatter coat and h inclinationa which is a term for stemma ADDIN EN .CITE 2007161 61653LeukemiaThe capital of S forbiddenh Carolina Encyclopediasixth2007Columbia University Presshypertext transfer protocol / steel .encyclopedia .com /do c /1E1-leukemia .hypertext markup langu progress LeukemiaLeukemia is a dust-build of bunscer that makes up twenty- 5 portion of the cancers a ffecting babyren . In Canada , this indisposition h hoar is a primary fatal complaint of peasantren ADDIN EN .CITE Statistics2Canada Statistics field of honor pincerhood leukemia and socioeconomic status2007 declination 12005British Columbia pubic louse roomhypertext transfer protocol / web .statcan .ca /Daily /E nglish /050705 /d050705b .htm (Statistics . This is a cancer of the pipeline that usu completelyy chances as chills and fever Lymphoblastic Leukemia which is 80 partage suppu say of the cases of Leukemia in pincerren ADDIN EN .CITE NCLF 2NCLF study Children apos s Leukemia tooshie What is childishness Leukemia ?2007December 12006National Children apos s Leukemia metrical foot (NCLF )hypertext transfer protocol / meshwork .leukemiafoundation .org /cancer-and-leukemia-info /3 .htm (NCLF . In united States of America , clear-sighted Lymphoblastic Leukemia ( e really ) is the around frequent and is 70 percent of leukemia cases in children . Other contr ives of leukemia that affects the children i! n U .S . be : perspicacious myeloid Leukemia (AML ) approximately 20 percent of the cases , de elementrative Myeloid Leukemia (CML ) that is roughly 5 percent , and novel Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML ) that is estimated to be be inclines 5 percent of the situation of Leukemia in children ADDIN EN .CITE Clinic2Mayo Clinic perspicacious Leukemia2007December 12001Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Researchhttp /ne dickensrk .mayoclinic .org /a cute-leukemia /children .html (ClinicLeukemia is a disorder assure wherein in that extol is an freakishness in the merchandise of snag cells . The accompaniment of this ailment often eons involves the unclouded breed cells production in the direct snapper unless it can withal involve una corresponding display case persons of cells in the lineage . Leukemia is a cancerous disease receive of the cancerous physical body t indeed the disease progresses into the an some opposite(prenominal) contour meat of the corpse much(prenominal) as the lymph nodes , coloured , central head-in-the-clouds governing body , and quick temper aft(prenominal)ward affecting the tog bulge out affectionateness ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William pass with flying colorsram , Linda Lowe , Eric hematology and telephone line bitterness Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s hospital of The pansy apos s Daughtershttp / web .chkd .org / considerablyness cut of psychoanalyze library / field of exact .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThis disease is non solely occurs in humans moreover to another(prenominal) animal species as well such as cats , oxen , and guinea pigs . In humans , leukemia is general in honest-to-goder people provided at present on that point is an join on particular in children . Factors that cause the item of leukemia argon : chromosomal ab familiarities value waste syndrome , chemicals such as benzene , che mystifyapeutic drugs such as alkylating divisor! s , ionizing ray syndrome , and viral transmission system ascribable to retrovirus handle HTLV-I Alte rations or mutations in the ordinary tax write-off and growing of transmission line cells be brought about by these factors ADDIN EN .CITE 2007161 61653LeukemiaThe Columbia Encyclopedia6th2007Columbia University Presshttp / vane .encyclopedia .com /do c /1E1-leukemia .html LeukemiaDiagnosis of the grapheme of leukemia is based on the soft of billet cells that is affected . The common types of leukemia atomic build 18 : lymphocytic affecting the wreakation of lymphocytes and myelogenous , interpolateations in the myelocyte synthesis ADDIN EN .CITE Rogers3 Rogers , Miriam br.LeukemiaDiseases and Conditions Encyclopedia2007Disco very(prenominal) Communicationshttp / wellness .discove ry .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?clause 2538 (Rogers . Leukemia of the myeloid type affects the stem cells of granulocytes or phagocytic smock telephone line cells The lymphoc ytic Leukemia involves white source cells that be stem cells of lymphocytes ADDIN EN .CITE 2007161 61653LeukemiaThe Columbia Encyclopedia6th2007Columbia University Presshttp / web .encyclopedia .com /do c /1E1-leukemia .html Leukemia . The common types and forms of leukemia ar the adjacent : discriminating lymphocytic Leukemia ( every , rentlelike Myelogenous Leukemia (AML , HYPERLINK http / health . find .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2516 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL , and C HYPERLINK http /health .discovery .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2517 hronic myelogenous leukemia (CML . The diagnosis of this disease feeling into according to the type of cells affected is accompanied with the identification of the form of the learn each knowing or chronic The specie advance of the disease is s subvert in chronic form precisely in a longer time , date , in the nifty form the progression is in a pitiful span of time ADDIN EN .CITE Roge rs3 Rogers , Miriam br.LeukemiaDiseases and Condition! s Encyclopedia2007 stripping Communicationshttp /health .discove ry .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2538 (RogersThe knowing Lymphocytic Leukemia (Lymphoblastic Leukemia or Lymphoid ) is the approximately(prenominal) common form of leukemia in children . The cell line of the lymphocytes is the ones involved in this ascertain . In this disease on that point is the over production of lymphocytes in the trick out fondness that do not fester thence . The time of this illness is from a few eld to a couple of weeks . In about of the patient ofs with each(prenominal) there is the instauration of abnormalities in the chromosome wherein extra chromosomal numbers pool and emasculateations in the morphology of the chromosome material is present ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric haematology and riptide affront Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s infirmary of The expon ent apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org / health subroutine library / guinea pig .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe keen Myelogenous Leukemia (AML ) which is in alike(p) manner termed as granulocytic , myeloblastic , myeloid , or myelocytic is 19 percent of the diagnosed children leukemia . in that respect is hyper-proliferation of the white blood cells in the over robe shopping centre which do not attain the prerequisite maturity status in to stir up infective agents . The time of AML is in any case from a few days to a couple of weeks . Children afflicted with inherited diss like Bloom syndrome , Kostman syndrome , Fanconi Anemia and Down syndrome atomic number 18 of maturation peril of having the disease ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and kindred affront Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s hospital of The index apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org / health program library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdC! hronic Myeloblastic Leukemia (CML ) is a r ar form in children . The larn up middle is producing too many abnormal granulocytes that alter the gainice lag of the normal granulocytes . This form of disease progresses within months to geezerhood . in that location is a substitution of the genetic material of the chromosome number 9 and 22 . A component of the chromosome number 9 is c hipped off and adheres into chromosome number 22 . The swapping of the components of the two chromosomes results into the abnormal affix production of granulocytes ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and tear spite Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s hospital of The queen regnant apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org / health depository library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdNatural HistorySymptoms of leukemia atomic number 18 linked with the blood function because the initial pathogen esis of the disease in on the chew over sum total . The following be the common manifestations of leukemia : anaemia , hemorrhage or bruising mug up and joint sufferings , repeated infections , swollen lymph nodes abdominal harm , and breathing impediment . The anemia occurs over out-of-pocket to the incapacity of the arise nub to beget red blood cells in draw with the overcrowding of the osmium marrow with the proliferating cancerous cells . Manifestations of this symptom accommodate the play out of the child , faster breathing , and paleness . Recurrent infections that can be viral or bacterial and occurs over the noncurrent weeks atomic number 18 brought about by the disrupted capacity of the repellent remain to mount an insubordinate response cod to the straw man of immature white blood cells . Bleeding and bruising be over due(p) to the lesseningd number of platelets that argon produced in the bone marrow as a result of the crowding in the bea w ith cancerous cells . The multitudes of cells present! in the bone marrow results to pain in joint and bone . Abdominal fructify out is an terminus of the pooling of leukemia cells in the breakr-colored spleen , and kidney which causes the swell of these variety meat . A child with leukemia may express pain of the paunch by the loss of appetite and consequently decrease in body w viii . Pooling of the leukemia cells as well as occurs in lymph nodes in the seawall , neck , chest , and under the arms hence swelling of these aras arise . In T-cell abrupt Lymphocytic Leukemia (T-cell scarcely , the thymus is adhered by the leukemic cells resulting to pain in this atomic number 18a and difficulty in breathing ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood offend Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /network .chkd .org / health library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe symptoms of all told or AML ar manifested within days or weeks but in cases of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML ) the clinical signs progresses over months to long time . The symptoms of Leukemia atomic number 18 similar with blood diss and other aesculapian problems hence appropriate symptomatic modalities essential be assiduous so as to compass the right diagnosis . Different man-to-mans sport vary manifestations of leukemia so diagnosis must be done with caution ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp / web .chkd .org / health depository library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (Byrdscaffolding in Leukemia cases is not needful because the disease progresses from the bone marrow and normally has metastasizingd to the other variety meat upon diagnosis . Cytologic smorgasbord placements argon used in replacement of staging in this type of cancer . Th! ese system diagnoses the type and subtype of leukemia as well as aide in making prognosis or the outcome of the disease with or without therapy ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia treatment2007December 21999 healthcommunities .com Inchttp /network .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / intercession .shtml (oncologychannelThe French-American-British (FAB ) system is the wide used manner for leukemia . In this classification there argon : triad subtypes of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ( solely ) and eight subtypes of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML . The preceding(prenominal) basis of FAB was the microscopic appearance of leukemia cells only but at this present time the cellular characteristics like the genetic composition and numbers of particularized cell types are corpo aim for better prediction of the outcome of the disease ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 wellnesscommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncolog ychannel .com /l eukemias / preaching .shtml (oncologychannelIn Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia there are two systems of Cytologic staging that can be employed . These are the Rai Classification and Binet Staging . The Rai classification bear three categories of leukemia with corresponding horizontal sur instances : Low phratry with dress 0 arbit target socio-economic class with floor I and II and , High- attempt category with interpret III and IV Patients that belongs to the exhibit 0 (Low fortune Category ) throw off lymphocytosis which is profit quantities of lymphocytes that is in a higher place 15 ,000 lymphocytes per third-dimensional millimeter . Enlargement of the lymph nodes in addition to lymphocytosis is the characteristic of Rai wooden leg 1 (Intermediate Risk category . forth from the lymphocytosis and enlarged liver (hepatomegaly ) or spleen (splenomegaly , in Rai phase angle 2 (Intermediate Risk category ) lympadenopathy may or may not be ob availd In Ra i typify 3 (High-Risk , anemia accompanies the lymph! ocytosis all in the presence or absence of lymphadenopathy , splenomegaly , and hepatomegaly . The patients that are also classified as High-Risk category but with fix up 4 Leukemia deliver thrombocytopenia or fall in number of platelets in the blood that is lower than 100-103 per dl in addition to lymphocytosis ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 wellnesscommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / preaching .shtml (oncologychannelIn contrast to the classification of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL by Rai classification according to the lymphocyte amount and organ enlargement , the Binet Staging grade CLL based on the number of involved lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes and spleen and , universe of discourse of decreased quantity of red blood cell (anemia ) and decreased number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia . The three Binet stages are : stage A wherein there are lower than three lymphoid tis sue section that are engorged lay out 2 involves great than three areas of lymphoid tissue enlargement and Stage 3 , wherein the patients in this stage gull thrombocytopenia in addition to anemia ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / sermon .shtml (oncologychannelDiagnosis of leukemia is done with motley modalities and these include the following : complete blood cell cast (CBC ) which consists of bloodless blood Cell (WBC ) count , Differential black-and-blue blood Cell count , and jammed Cell Volume jam marrow aspiration or biopsy , wherein a sample of the bone marrow fluid is aspi localized from the hip bones to assess the bone marrow cell size , quantity , ratio of normal to abnormal cells , and maturity of the cells blood chemistry examinations such as Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT ) for the liver and Creatine shew for the kidney Compute d imagination or CT understand , an visualize way! that utilizes calculating machine and x-ray to revert a three dimensional contrive x-ray , an imaging climate that uses electromagnetic energy rays to ensure the internal organs and , lymph node biopsy , examines the cells of the lymph node ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdAgent-Host EnvironmentThe primary a a etiologicalalalal agent of the outgrowth of Leukemia is not known though it is establish that this disease cause occurs due to the damage of DNA of blood cells ADDIN EN .CITE Department of Environmental Health2003121 21243Department of Environmental Health , capital of mammy Univeristy tame of overt HealthEnvironmental Causes of Blood- connect cancers in ChildrenHealth personal ar huntuate ReviewHealth pe rsonal effects Review2003Department of Environmental Health , Boston Univeristy discipline of Public Healthhttp /www .ijc .org /rel /pdf /06 _blood-summer2003 .pdf (Department of Environmental Health . Various factors are associated with the instruction of leukemia in children . Among these causes are toxins , viral infections , radioactivity , benzene , and chemotherapeutic agents . Pesticides and electromagnetic fields are also a predisposing factor to the occurrence of Leukemia . Ionizing archeological site exposure that can be because of x-ray examinations of the mother during maternity predisposes a child to the command of LeukemiaThe children patients afflicted with leukemia have no specific characteristics that can hang as a cause of the disease . Exposure to versatile factors is the only account statement that can be relate to the occurrence of leukemia in children . Examples of such factors are x-rays which involves ionizing ray of light in the procedure that c auses genetic mutations star to the phylogeny of le! ukemia ADDIN EN .CITE column7 chromatography column , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childhood Leukemia with a contract on endure fish and DietCritical Reviews in clinical science science lab SciencesCritical Reviews in clinical laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 ( hoverMode of AcquisitionThe tuition of leukemia in an singular is not a result of a specific etiologic agent but rather due to the exposure of the individual to factors that catalyze the mutation of the bone marrow cells resulting to the synthesis and proliferation of leukemia cells Leukemia also is associated to the following factors : air pollution socioeconomic status , electromagnetic fields , infections , genetic science , and living underweight nuclear ascertain male monarch plants ADDIN EN .CITE towboat7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childishness Leukemia with a Focus on Birth burthen and DietCritical Reviews in clinical testifying ground S ciencesCritical Reviews in clinical science lab Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerThe relative relative relative incidence of cancer such as leukemia in well developed countries is explained to be attributed to exposure to various environmental factors including the following : water and food contaminants air pollution chemicals like pesticides , mercury , and lead and physical causes such as ultraviolet illumination radiotherapy . The cells of children are very vulnerable to mutations caused by environmental factors because there is fluid an ongoing development in their bodies ADDIN EN .CITE Kheifets 7Kheifets , Leeka Repacholi , Michael Saunders , heap and van Deventer EmilieThe esthesia of Children to electromagnetic FieldsPediatricsPediatricse303-e313 1162005http /pediatrics .aap outcomes .org /cgi /reprint /116 /2 /e30 3 (KheifetsChildren with genetic diss such as trisonomy 21 or down syndrome are very susceptible to leukemia due to the congenital defects that is present in their genes . The genes which encode for the hemat! opoietic system factor GATA1 have mutations that result to the development of leukemia . There is 10 to 20 fold call down in incidence of ague leukemia cases in children that are affected with Down syndrome . There are two forms of leukemia found to occur in children with Trisonomy 21 : the shortened Leukemia and the Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE Hitzler7Hitzler , Johann K and Zipursky AlvinORIGINS OF LEUKAEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROMENature ReviewsNature Reviews52005 (HitzlerDescriptive StudiesThe most common type of leukemia that affects children is the Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL ) which is 73 percent of the diagnosed cases of leukemia in joined States . Children of ages 2-3 stratums old are the ones most commonly afflicted with ALL . The second widespread type of leukemia is Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML . This disease condition occurs in children 10 categorys old and above and those whom are 2 old age of age . This form of leukemia though o nly the second widespread form in children is the most frequent form in adults . Leukemia in children is rarely of chronic form ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (Byrd . The occurrence of leukemia is greatest in ages 0-4 , intermediate in 5-9 , and unapparent in 10-14 .There is a obtrusive difference in the incidence of ALL and AML in dissimilar ages . The peak ages for the occurrence of ALL are among 2 to 5 years old with 75 cases per cardinal children . AML on the other hand peaks during babyhood and occurs in a uniform way of life in older children ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in clinical Laborator y SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sci! ences203-24244 32007 (TowerIn U .S . and Canada , leukemia is the widespread type of cancer that afflicts children which are 0-14 years of age . The occurrence of ALL is quin-fold greater than the incidence of AML though these two are the common forms of leukemia that badly affects children . Despite the intense study and mendments in the modalities used for interposition of acute leukemia , it close up lingers as the primary causative disease in morbidities and mortalities among children ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerAmong contrary countries , the incidence of leukemia in children is varied . On a yearly basis the incidence of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL ) in children is within 19 to 56 for every million of phallics and 12 to 43 for every million of females . The highest incidence among countries for ALL is in Costa Rica , Canada , and Finland . India and China has the terminal incidence of ALL in children . Canada averages 41 .0 for two(prenominal) male and female 44 .8 for males and 36 .9 for females in the incidence of ALL in children . The one-year type rate for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML ) in children is highest in New Zealand , Costa Rica , and Australia . Canada has an intermediate rate of 6 .3 for both male and female 6 .9 for males and 5 .6 for females . In the catamenia 1997-2002 , the rate of occurrence of ALL is 32 .3 cases per million and AML is 6 .8 cases per million among 0-19 years old children in Canada ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerMales are middling diagnosed more with ALL a nd AML in different ages though the females have grea! ter incidence of having ALL and AML in their first year of make itence . White people are more afflicted with ALL when compared to the blacks . The ratio of the incidence is 2 :0 among the whites and the blacks . In contrast AML occurrence is equal in both races ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerEpidemiology journal publish that in Canada the incidence of Leukemia occurrence is so much greater in children belonging to the fullest families than that of the poo abatement existence ADDIN EN .CITE Statistics2Canada StatisticsStudy Childhood leukemia and socioeconomic status2007December 12005British Columbia genus cancer Agencyhttp /www .statcan .ca /Daily /E nglish /050705 /d050705b .htm (Statistics . The companionship of step-upd occurrence of leukemia to t he socioeconomic status can be noticed in the study of Tower et al (2007 ) wherein the economically developed Denmark has the highest incidence turn the economically challenged nation- Nigeria has the lowest rate of ALL ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (Tower . The story given was that the poor children are more loose to etiologic factors such as infectious agents hence the development of antibodies against these agents at an earlier age compared to the rich children ADDIN EN .CITE Statistics2Canada StatisticsStudy Childhood leukemia and socioeconomic status2007December 12005British Columbia malignant neoplastic disease Agencyhttp /www .statcan .ca /Daily /E nglish /050705 /d050705b .htm (Statistics . The constant exposure of the poor children to etiologic factors that cause leukemia enhance their insubordinate sys! tem s ability to conflict the adverse effects of these agents done the production of antibodies that have specific resistant response to an etiologic agentChildren living near a raise station are found out to be of greater chance in developing Acute Leukemia . There is a four-fold increase in the venture of the development of the acute form of leukemia in children who anticipate near vehicle-repair garage and fuel stations ADDIN EN .CITE Sahelian66612Sahelian , spear A Natural tone-beginning to Leukemiahttp www .raysahelian .com /leukemia .html (Sahelian . Nuclear power plants also pose as a risk to getting leukemia in children . Those children which are nine-spot years old and beneath who reside near nuclear power plants have 21 percent increase in the risk of mortality due to leukemia . The study which was conducted in Canada , United Kingdom , USA , Germany , France , Spain , and japan was published in the European Journal of crabby person vexation . The study was ab le to cover the natural variables because the said study was conducted before and by and by the establishment of the nuclear power plants . Aside from children 9 years of age and below , the five-year-old adults that are 25 years old and younger are also found out to be with 18 percent increase in risk if they live near nuclear power plants ADDIN EN .CITE 2007272 72717POWER PLANT find EcologistEcologist3782007 Power form RiskAnalytic StudiesIn a study of Noshchenko et al (2002 ) it was indicated that there were significant amplification in the cases of acute leukemia in children in relation to the exposure to ionizing shaft . The exposure due to residence near nuclear test sites also causes sizeable raise in the leukemia cases of children . There is also a significant increase in the number of leukemia disease cases when the mother was exposed to atomic bombing during the course of her pregnancy . The survivors of atomic bombing which were fraught(p) are associated to leuke mia cases in the data of the Oxford Survey of Childh! ood Cancers and related X-ray exposures ADDIN EN .CITE Russ200728 282817Russ AbelIonizing ray and Childhood LeukemiaEnvironmental Health PerspectivesEnvironme ntal Health Perspectives (RussChildren whom were born with fathers that are radiation workers are found out to likely develop leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma . In the cohort study of Dickinson and Parker (2002 , it was intentional that there is a considerable 200 percent increase of Leukemia and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma risk in radiation workers children . These studies dispense as evidences that then father whom are exposed to rather allow increase the likelihood of having a child that is afflicted with leukemia Exposure to ionizing radiation during preconception , pregnancy , and take hold pregnancy of the mother serve as risk factors for the development of leukemia in children ADDIN EN .CITE Russ200728 282817Russ AbelIonizing shaft and Childhood LeukemiaEnvironmental Health PerspectivesEnvironme ntal Health Perspecti ves (RussTreatmentVarious factors are considered before the readiness of intervention program to be used in leukemia cases . These factors are : age , health , and health check history of the child the capacity of the child patient to sojourn medication , medical procedures , and therapies the storey of the disease condition and the trust of the parents or guardians of the child . symptomatic interferences are employed for conditions like bleeding , anemia , and infection ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe treatment regimen for Leukemia at present involves the following approaches : chemotherapy which aims to buck the proliferating leukemia cells with anti-cancer drugs radiation therapy that reverses the leukemia cells by dint of high-potential radiation exposure ! interferon therapy which aims to increase the time for the proliferation of leukemia cells and at the resembling time enhance the capacity of the immune system to destroy the leukemia cells surgery that includes either the installation of catheters to serve as qualifying way for medications or resection of enlarged spleen and stem cell transplantation (SCT ) so that high doses chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be employed as a treatment regimen ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias /treatment .

shtml (oncologychannelThe aforementioned(prenominal) treatment humour can be used either alone or in various combinations . These modalities of therapy though have disadvantages that accompany the advantages they declare oneself . Prior to undergoing therapy programs a second judging is take aimed so as to lessen the chances of wasting resources on a therapy program that bequeath have no effect at all for the betterment of the patient s condition ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias /treatment .shtml (oncologychannelInterferon therapy is a treatment modality in utilised in leukemia patients to aide the patient s body in cut down the proliferation of leukemia cells and at the same time enhances the immune system of the leukemic patient to mount the proper immune response . The most astray employed type of interferon for this aim is the Interferon-alpha (IN Fa . The expected length of excerpt of the patient c! an be predicted by the physician through using this treatment modality . Interferon-alpha is administered through intravenous , intramuscular , and subcutaneous injection . The ofttimes used route though is the subcutaneous injection . Disadvantages of using this drug are development of the following : fever , muscularity aches , headaches , bone pain , fatigue , flu-like symptoms and chills , difficulty in ducking , vomiting , and nausea The duration of the side effects range from 1 to 2 weeks but can be managed by acetaminophen administration ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias /treatment .shtml (oncologychannelTreatment of leukemia involves various stages and these are : stimulus generalisation stage , intensification stage , nutrition stage , and relapse stage . The induction stage includes a mixture of various treatment modalities like chemotherapy , rad iation , and medications so as to end the synthesis of abnormal cells in the bone marrow . The primary aim of this stage is for absolution or the ending of the production of leukemia cells to occur The duration of this stage is one month and repeated by and by rest period if the goal is not attained . The succeeding(a) stage of treatment therapy is the intensification wherein the treatments are continued until the leukemia cells do not longer exist as per diagnostic blood test or bone marrow examination is concerned . The leukemia cells though may still exist in the body . The maintenance stage is when the leukemia-free bone marrow is preserved through a continuous chemotherapy of lower intensity but longer in duration (months to years . Constant visits to the health care supplier are necessary so that the patient s response to the treatment pull up stakes be assessed , recurrence of the disease provide be diagnosed , and side effects of the treatment employed can be controlle d . The relapse stage is a period wherein the aggress! ive therapy is not able to stop the synthesis of leukemia cells in the bone marrow . The relapse stage can happen in the duration of the treatment in various stages or months to years later on the end of the treatment ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe formulation of the prognosis of leukemia leave behind need to consider the following : degree of the disease condition genetics treatment response age and general health of the child recent medication developments and , the child patient s capacity to abide medications medical procedures , and therapies ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007C hildren apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (Byrd . Different forms of leukemia require dissimilar treatment programs . In Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL , multi-agent therapy is utilized . Despite the progressions in treatment modalities though it is found out that ALL cells reach the meninges of the read/write head Thus administration of refuge treatment for the CNS is unified in the treatment programs for this form of leukemia . The therapy for this disease condition is very rigorous and lasts for two to three years . Included in the treatment program are the : intrathecal chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the brain and spinal anesthesia anesthesia column that is generally done to children under 1 year old ,teenagers , and those diagnosed with vast amounts of white blood cells . In Canada , it is estimated that 75 percent of the children diagnosed with this form of leukemia survive five yea rs afterward the diagnosis and the bulk of them are ! said to be recovered(p) . Thirty percent of the patients though are estimated to have relapses thus they ordain undergo into another treatment program that is different from the previous one . Improvement in the survival rate of these patients is observed when bone marrow transplant is employed after succeeding remissions ADDIN EN .CITE Program4Canadian Childhood Cancer inspection and cuss ProgramThis Battle Which I Must Fight Cancer in Canada apos s Children and Teenagers1997December 2Public Health Agency of Canadahttp /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /pu blicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .html (ProgramIn cases of Acute Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia , the treatment program utilized is more thorough when compared to that of ALL . Chemotherapy CNS treatment , and bone marrow transplant are indicated for this disease condition . Remission occurs in 70 to 90 percent of the cases and 40 to 50 percent of these patients will be leukemia free for a long time . In Canada , there is a 40 percent surviv al rate for five years by these patients ADDIN EN .CITE Program4Canadian Childhood Cancer electric charge and engage ProgramThis Battle Which I Must Fight Cancer in Canada apos s Children and Teenagers1997December 2Public Health Agency of Canadahttp /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /pu blicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .html (ProgramPreventionThe federal Government of Canada launched the Canadian Childhood Cancer management and function Program in an effort to decrease the risk of development of health problems among the country s children . As part of the programs protagonism awareness about Cancer including leukemia was boostd among children through the takings of the control entitled This Battle Which I Must Fight : Cancer in Canada s Children and Teenagers ADDIN EN .CITE Program4Canadian Childhood Cancer supervision and Control ProgramThis Battle Which I Must Fight Cancer in Canada apos s Children and Teenagers1997December 2Public Health Agency of Canadahttp /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /pu blicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .html (Pro! gram . The publication of the book helps people understand the disease condition and support those children already with the disease cope up with the treatment processThe diligence of pesticides is analyse in Canada and was found out to be a causal factor in the development of various health problems such as cancers like leukemia . In an effort to follow then progression of leukemia in the children of Canada the use various pesticides is already banned despite the lack of efforts of other countries to ban these substances that are known to be a factor in development of cancers ADDIN EN .CITE AHRP200431 313112AHRP Alliance for homo Research ProtectionComprehensive scientific refreshen concluded : All pesticides pose serious health risks to humans--especially children2007December 22004Alliance for clement Research Protectionhttp /www .ahrp .org /infom ail /04 /05 /08 .php (AHRPResearches and conferences have been done in Canada in line with the advocacy against the incidence of cancers including Leukemia in children . An standard of these searches is Joint study between Israel s Weizmann Institute of Science , Toronto world(a) Hospital , and Toronto western Hospitals of University Health Network . With continuous research , improvement in the clinical care of Leukemia patients is established and will continuously find ways of providing new treatment regimens that will promote survival rates . The partnership between this entities aims to improve the potential to put off and treat Leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE Foundation2Toronto ordinary watt Hospital FoundationFor conterminous Release : Israel and Canada Unite for Leukemia Research2007December 22006Toronto universal west Hospital Foundationhttp /www .uhn .on .ca /dona te /tgwh /site /html /events /michaelbaker / news program /2006_03_20 .html (FoundationFuture TrendEarly intervention in leukemia cases will result into change magnitude survival rates because the cancer has not metastasized inte nsively into various organs of the patient s body . I! t is encourage to for individuals to regularly have medical check-ups so as to diagnose diseases such as leukemia in early stages or non-metastasizing stage . The parents have this office staff of ensuring that their children will have regular check ups for leukemia so that immediate intervention can be employed and the remission will be assured . Early treatment of the disease condition will prevent the occurrence of damages to various other parts of the patient s bodyIn the future , much improved treatment modalities for Leukemia in children will be established . Intensive researches on the etiologic factors of Leukemia will result into the discovery of treatment modalities that will The formulation of a vaccine for leukemia is a start in the process of finding ways to eradicate this disease condition . The human CD40 ligand or human HYPERLINK http /www .newsrx .com /newsletters /Vaccine-Weekly /2005-11-30 83VW .html interleukin-2 HYPERLINK http /www .newsrx .com /newsletters /Vaccine-Weekly /2005-11-30 83VW .html autologous cell HYPERLINK http /www .newsrx .com /newsletters /Vaccine-Weekly /2005-11-30 83VW .html vaccine is a promising prophylactic treatment modality for the prevention of the occurrence of leukemia in not only in children and young adults but to the adult community as well . factor therapy which is also widely studied will have supportive results that will serve as a treatment modality in the future . The discovery of new drugs that will alter the gene of leukemia cells and spare the normal blood cells is the beginning of the geographic expedition in gene therapy for the treatment of leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE Foundation2Toronto General horse opera Hospital FoundationFor Immediate Release : Israel and Canada Unite for Leukemia Research2007December 22006Toronto General Western Hospital Foundationhttp /www .uhn .on .ca /dona te /tgwh /site /html /events /michaelbaker /news /2006_03_20 .html (FoundationThe Canadian Federal Government with the help of various non-governmental organizati! ons is merge their efforts in the advocacy against leukemia . Researches which is focused in discovering ways of treating Leukemia which is widespread in Canada is an optimistic way of combating LeukemiaInnovations in the treatment modalities though will also be accompanied by side effects due to these treatments . The costs of therapeutic programs will also be increased in the future as a result of the process of new diagnostic and treatment modalitiesWorks CitedADDIN EN .REFLIST AHRP , Alliance for gentle Research Protection Comprehensive scientific Review conclude : All Pesticides Pose Serious Health Risks to worlds--Especially Children . 2004 . Alliance for Human Research Protection . December 2 2007 http /www .ahrp .org /infomail /04 /05 /08 .phpByrd , Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Peg ram Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss : Leukemia . 2007 Children s Hospital of The King s Daughters . December 2 2007 http /www .chkd .org /HealthLibrary /content .aspx ?pageid P02324Clinic , Mayo Acute Leukemia . 2001 . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . December 1 2007 http /www .mayoclinic .org /acute-leukemia /children .htmlDepartment of Environmental Health , Boston Univeristy School of Public Health Environmental Causes of Blood-Related Cancers in Children Health Effects Review (2003 http /www .ijc .org /rel /pdf /06_blood-summer2003 .pdfFoundation , Toronto General Western Hospital For Immediate Release Israel and Canada Unite for Leukemia Research . 2006 . Toronto General Western Hospital Foundation . December 2 2007 http /www .uhn .on .ca / give /tgwh /site /html /events /michaelbaker /news /2006 _03_20 .htmlHitzler , Johann K and Zipursky , Alvin Origins of Leukaemia in Children with Down Syndrome Nature Reviews 5 (2005Kheifets , Leeka Repacholi , Michael Saunders , Rick and van Deventer Emilie The Sensitivity of Children to Electromagnetic Fields Pediatrics 116 (2005 : e303-e13Leukemia The Columbia Encyclopedia . 6th ed : Columbia University Press , ! 2007NCLF , National Children s Leukemia Foundation What Is Childhood Leukemia 2006 . National Children s Leukemia Foundation (NCLF December 1 2007 http /www .leukemiafoundation .org /cancer-and-leukemia-info /3 .htmoncologychannel Leukemia Treatment . 1999 . Healthcommunities .com Inc . December 2 2007 http /www .oncologychannel .com /leukemias /treatment .shtmlPower Plant Risk . Ecologist 37 .8 (2007Program , Canadian Childhood Cancer Surveillance and Control . This Battle Which I Must Fight 1997 . Cancer in Canada s Children and Teenagers December 2 http /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /publicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .htmlRogers , MiriamLeukemia Diseases and Conditions Encyclopedia Discovery Communications , 2007Russ , Abel Ionizing Radiation and Childhood Leukemia Environmental Health Perspectives one hundred fifteen .8 (2007Sahelian , Ray A Natural Approach to Leukemia http /www .raysahelian .com /leukemia .htmlStatistics , Canada Study : Childhood Leukemia and Socioeconomic S tatus . 2005 . British Columbia Cancer Agency . December 1 2007 http /www .statcan .ca /Daily / face /050705 /d050705b .htmTower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and Diet Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 44 . 3 (2007 : 203-42 . MACROBUTTON NoMacro [First Authors Last name here] rascal \ MERGEFORMAT 19MACROBUTTON NoMacro [First Authors Last name here] rogue \ MERGEFORMAT 17MACROBUTTON NoMacro [First Authors Last Name] Page page 20MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Running title of 72 characters] ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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