Marxist Analyses And Motivation Theories Management Essay

Marxist Analyses And Motivation Theories Management EssayMotivation outlined as The set of sufficees that arouse, direct, and maintain human behaviour towards attaining around goal. Motivation is the inner drive that pushes individuals to act or perform. Employees motivation in a federation or a firm is a very crucial management practice which should not be underestimated since its implications are very much pronounced. Motivated employees wee-wee greater concentration and are less likely to make mistakes, former accidents or be involved in conflict. They are also likely to turn up greater loyalty to the keep company and have less absenteeism.Some authors argue that there is no problem of induceer motivation in capitalist economics, as managers screwing rely on job insecurity to ensure compliance. Other have identified the characteristics of capitalism is that production of commodity occupies a dominant station and production of unembellished value. The conflict of interes ts between owners and employees will be caused the problem of worker motivation in capitalist physical compositions (Knights and Willmott, 2007). Because of the owners interest is not making work more comforting for employees but exploit them.The purpose of this essay was to explore is there a problem of worker motivation in capitalist economies. The by-line presents the literature reviews about motivation theories and Marxist analysis of the temper of capitalist economies. Secondly, the case of Wal-Mart that used illustrates the problem of worker motivation in capitalism. And also some critical arguments will be presented. Fin everyy, make a conclusion that is launchd on the justified argument.Literature review Marxist Analyses and Motivation Theories2.1 Marxist Analysescapitalist economy is a mode of production based on private ownership of the means of production (Heilbr unrivaledr, 2008). Capitalists produce commodities for the exchange market and to stay competitive moldin ess extract as much labor from the workers as possible at the lowest possible cost. The economic interest of the capitalist is to pay the worker as little as possible, in fact just enough to keep him alive and productive (Isaac, 2008).In capitalism, the worker, who is alienated from the products he creates, is also estranged from the process of production, which he regards only as a means of survival. Estranged from the production process, the worker is therefore also estranged from his or her own humanity, since the transformation of nature into utilizable objects is one of the fundamental facets of the human condition (Pinder, 2008). The worker is thus alienated from his or her species being-from what it is to be human. Finally, the capitalist mode of production alienates human beings from different human beings (Harder, 2008). Deprived of the rejoicing that comes with owning the product of ones labor, the worker regards the capitalist as external and hostile (Carter, 1995).2.2 Motivation TheoriesIn this increasing competitive world where satisfaction of workers unavoidably is the centre of attention for both private and public organizations. Not all people are motivate by the same thing and all over time their motivations might changes (Hutchens, 1989). Therefore, Motivation theory can help us to consider the different investments which can be made in people. A motivated and qualified workforce is crucial to increase productivity and the quality of the organizational services in order to achieve organizational objectives (Isaac, 2008).The most popular postulate classification is the one developed by Abraham Maslows. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs put forward a theory that there are five levels of human demand which employees need to have fulfilled at work. At the most basic level, an employee is motivated to work in order to satisfy basic physiological unavoidably for survival, such as air, water, food, sex and sleep. Following the achievement of physiol ogical needs, ones attention shifts to safety and security needs in order to overcome the threat of physiologic and emotional difficulties. The next three levels in Maslows theory relate to intellectual and psycho-emotional needs love and croaking, esteem and finally the highest order need, self-actualization. He believes at this billet individuals have the desire to achieve their full potential and skills (Anonymous, 2009). All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy and only once a note level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied (Pinder, 2008). For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic plight in order to demoralize food before worrying about having a secure job contract or the respect of former(a)s (Locke Letham, 2004).Herzberg (1966) proposed a two factor (motivation-hygiene) motivation theory. The satisfier/motivators overwhelm achievem ent, recognition work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth, while the hygiene factors include company policy and administration, relationship with supervisor, working conditions, personal life, salary, and relationship with subordinates, status, and security. Motivators are the factors that fulfill individuals needs for meaning and personal growth hygiene factors create dissatisfaction when they are mishandled. sketcher motivation problem in Wal-MartIn 2001, Wal-Mart became the worlds biggest company in terms of gross sales revenues and 2.1 million employees (Fortune, 2002). However, in order to minimize operating costs and maintain low prices, Wal-Mart pays relatively low requital, provides minimal benefits to its employees, and also Wal-Marts Punitive Policies Drive Employees to Work Sick. A deli section worker said Everyone comes to work sick, including employees handling food. In the deli section, most of girls come coughing their brains out, but cant go home becaus e of points coughing too loudly switch you to another department. Since you cant take days off. Her cough worsened, and she ended up hospitalized with pneumonia (Institute for ball-shaped Labour and world Rights, 2009). Being sick, deli section work was hard because its a hot area, requiring in and out visits to a freezer to fail meat. Everyone is sweating and your hair is all wet, but we cant use fans because of the dust (Greenhouse, 2002). Another Wal-Mart worker told Wal-Marts (sick) policy has not changed, and no one said anything about this. As a result, one worker said morale is low in their workplace and pretty much everyone hates their jobs, but havent much choice in todays economic climate (Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, 2009).Under Wal-Marts Open Availability policy, management demands everyone be available 24 7. A flood of people would leave the company if they could surface other work. Fear and need keep them there. In order to provide low-cost produc ts to customers, they pass over staff salaries reduce full-time employees health insurance allowance and also no health insurance fee pay for temporary workers. Overall, Wal-Mart treats employees punitively. Theyre overworked, underpaid, and treated like wage slaves (Kaufman, 2000).Capitalist organization, like War-Mart think that they had managed quite nearly without to motivate staff, as they still rely on the fact that people need a job. Marx argues that labor is central to a human beings self-conception and sense of sanitary-being. labor are as much an act of personal creation and a projection of ones identity as it is a means of survival (Harder, 2008). However, Wal-Mart deprives employees of this essential line of descent of self-worth and identity. The employees approaches work only as a means of survival and derive none of the other personal satisfactions of work because the products of his labor do not belong to him (Carter, 1995). Everyone comes to work sick, all of the staff do not have the right to rest when they are sick. Unless you found a new job then you can rest. If you are coughing too loudly that they will switch you to another department. Everyone hate their job but fear and need keep them continue to work. This perfect situation is due to these individual rights are expropriated by capitalist company. In addition, the power of the profit motive encourages unscrupulous individuals to act unethically (Burawoy, 1979). Poor sermon of staff and lack of consideration for motivate.According to Maslows model of work motivation based on a hierarchy of needs in which individuals are posited to counterbalance seek the satisfaction of physiological needs before pursuing other desires (Ford, 1992). Employee is motivated first and foremost to satisfy physiological needs. Organizations must provide employees with a salary that enable them to afford adequate living conditions. Employees will feel less motivated to do some tasks if they feel their compensation is not appropriate. compensable employees less will lead to dissatisfaction. A dissatisfied employee is an unmotivated employee (Hutchens, 1989). However, wages at capitalist Wal-Mart have always been as little as we could get by with at the time The current wage does not honor Wal-Mart workers personal development and it stifles their participation as individuals in society (USA TODAY, 2012). According to reenforcement Wage Calculator, the per-hour salary necessary to meet the minimal life necessities in Charlotte, North Carolina is approximately $8.73 per hour (Washington monthly, 2006). The current wage of many Wal-Mart employees falls well below this benchmark. From a more macroeconomic vantage point, economists estimate that the aggregate annual income of a full-time Wal-Mart employee is approximately $17,600 a year. Moreover, the annual income of an individual compensate by a living wage comes in at $18,152.40, well above Wal-Marts average figure. Even more di sturbing, using very conservative estimates as approximations, a newly hired Wal-Mart employee can expect to earn approximately $14,560 annually. Not only does this figure fall far below the recommended living wage value, but it also only marginally clears the abject poverty standard for an individual of $11,201 (Anthony, 2006). In Wal-Mart, Employees money need does not satisfy. The company pay minimum wages but in getting in more out of them. Their minimum wages only enable workers to survival, let alone to meet other needs. These salary figures have direct bearing on a Wal-Mart employees ability to purchase health care. Some authors said that it happens because the capitalists monopolize one thing surplus value of labour belongs to them (Braverman, 1974).Another researcher said that capitalism has its drawbacks. Profit is a motivator who lacks morals. It is focused only on a single take of business actions ignoring all other outcomes (Cater, 1995). Company pays lower wages to g ain higher profits. Wal-Mart cannot meet staff needs it will led them lack of motivation, that they run away to resort to anti-work behaviours such as absenteeism, late-coming, failure to meet deadlines, display of open frustration and all these factors work proscribe to the writ of exe thinion and credibility of an organization. As a result, with most the recent staff cynicism and resign, shoppers are waiting longer for service and getting upset (Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, 2009).It can be discover that Herzberg (1990) ranked hygiene and motivator factors as the most important motivational theory when uncertainty exists, problems can arise. If an employee is concerned that her job is not secure, she/he may be unmotivated to produce a full effort. Without safety, an employee can be unmotivated. If the motivational factors are met, the employee becomes motivated and work performs higher (Ford, 1992). In Wal-Mart, the working milieu is bad that deli section wor kers working in a hot area, where everyone is sweating, but they cant use fans because of the dust. For above situation, Wal-Mart does not do anything and do not make any changes to meet employees needs. As well as, Open Availability policy also let staff feel that they become Wal-Wart Androids.For reducing the costs, Wal-Mart cut employees health insurance fee, and no insurance fee paid for part-time workers. Capitalist organizations think that they had quite well without theories of motivation managers can rely on the fact that people need a job as a powerful force for motivation (Knights and Willmott, 2007). Their interests is not making work more satisfying for employees but in getting in more out of them. As a result of lack of employees motivation, most of employees began to hate their jobs, give a negative emotional attachment to their jobs, and being dissatisfied with its role in the work environment. Further, a recent study shown that employee motivation is directly proport ional to organizational performance and profitability (Fortune, 2002). With all these negative and unappealing characteristics of being a Wal-Mart employee, why do people inevitably find themselves working at this dreadful red-brick day sweatshop passed off as a nationwide superstore? Wal-Mart has left their employees in a dilemma that produces the mindset that no other stores will provide a job opportunity in this difficult economy but in return employees receive extremely poor treatment and considerably low wages (Nlcnet, 2001).ConclusionThe problem of worker motivation is inevitable under capitalism because the workers are an exploited class. The lower their wages are, the higher the owners profits. The owners take the products, services and root created by the workers, sell them on the market, and pay the workers as little as possible.The Maslow need theories maintain that an individual is motivated to do something if he or she experiences a specific need that may be fulfilled directly or indirectly by performing that action. The lower order needs have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher level motivators along the lines of self fulfillment. In addition, Herzberg said that in order to motivate people an organization needs to first have the baseline that is the hygiene factors in place and then the motivators will be used to motivate and in absence of the base line motivation is not possible to achieve. It is indicative of the above discussion that most of the employees need to motivate. However, in the case of Wal-Mart, they paying staff lower wages, cut their self-control, and also the sick policy regulates everyone comes to work when they sick. Under those circumstances, most of the employees began to hate their jobs, and being dissatisfied with its role in the work environment. All of this is due to company wants to profit maximization.In sum, the long-term survival of any organisation depends largely on the motivation of its employees be it fina ncial or non-financial. Therefore organisations should be willing to continuously and on regular basis, undertake employees surveys such as this one in order to understand what their employees expects from their current job. The result of such exercises could prove useful for the organisation, because knowing what their employees wants and efforts in meeting these needs facilitate a mutual working environment for both the employees and its management. Using the power to motivate workers will cause worker motivation problem.